When Sargon became king, many nations controlled by Assyria revolted against the empire. Claude Mariottini I truly enjoyed reading this post. Additional siege preparations included fortification of the existing walls, construction of towers, and the erection of a new, reinforcing wall. The Assyrians struggled to maintain their empires, because they had too many conflicts with succession, coups, and civil war. Several of the Philistine cities revolted against Assyria in 714 B.C. Sargon invaded Asia Minor and deported most of the population to other parts of the empire. This helped the people at the time be able to control the boat better. Excellent concise article. There is no mention that the “evening meal of meat” (quail) mentioned in Exodus 16:12 ever stopped. In 500 B.C., they started building ships with 2 big masts. It appears that it was the yahweh ‘ fanatics’ that gave religious coloration to decisions that were purely political. Babylon to Fall to the Medes and Persians (Isaiah 21) April 5 Isaiah 21:1-10 is a prophecy addressed to the "Wilderness of the Sea" (verse 1)—wilderness meaning a desert but in the sense of a deserted, uninhabited region. 3. Learn how your comment data is processed. In 716 B.C. 2 Kings 17:6 In the ninth year of Hoshea the king of Assyria took Samaria, and carried Israel away into Assyria, and placed them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes. Regardless of the motivation behind the alliance with Egypt, the decision to revolt had been made and there was nothing else to do but to prepare for the coming of Sennacherib and the siege of Jerusalem. Some scientists claim modern day Lurs are the descendants of the ancient Elamites. Workers then dug a 533-meter tunnel to the Spring of Gihon, providing the city with fresh water. Hezekiah took action against some of the Philistine cities that refused to join in the revolt (2 Kings 18:8). Foremost among them were its logistic arrangements: supply depots, transport columns, bridging-trains. Similarly, why did Mesopotamia invent the sailboat? Esau was the twin brother of Jacob, the father of 12 sons who became the 12 tribes of Israel. (The Aramaic language of the Bible is somewhat different from Chaldean, but in earlier times, it was thought to be Chaldean. Instead, the army of the king of Babylonia, which had been stationed in the fortress, inflicted a major defeat upon Assyria. Historically, Assyria & Syria are the same thing and the naming has to do with time period and translation into various languages. The Elamites were completely annihalated in 639 BC … Sargon’s attention was required somewhere else, leaving Palestine free to recover somewhat politically. It is also possible that the anti-Assyrian faction in his government pressured him to revolt against Assyria and that he was the one who decided to establish the alliance with Egypt. However, he died just before the city was conquered. In 639 BC the Assyrians moved their entire army from the west to destroy their enemies; it would be their last and most glorious act of retribution and conquest that the Assyrians had mastered like none before. Ezra 6:2 Lurs are closely related to the Kurds. The conquest of the Northern Kingdom was finished by Sargon II. Babylon, under Merodach-baladan (2 Kings 20:12, Isaiah 39:1) revolted against Assyria (720 B.C.). The Medes, a group of people from the Iranian plateau, revolted in 715 B.C. THE CHARIOT AND ASSYRIA. When Sargon became king in 722, he incorporated Samaria into the Assyrian empire. As long as Sargon ruled, Judah remained a vassal and paid the annual tribute to Assyria. It goes without saying that in the centuries following Assyria's fall, … The siege of Samaria began under the Assyrian king Shalmaneser V (726-722). I am glad to know that you enjoyed my post on Hezekiah. During the reign of Sargon, Judah continued as a satellite state of Assyria and Hezekiah continued paying the yearly tribute. The Elamites, Assyrians, Lydians, Arameans, and several Arab tribes were known to be descendants of Shem. If you look at the Archive section of my blog, you will find several studies on Hezekiah. The events related to the Assyrian invasion of Judah and the siege of Jerusalem are difficult to determine because the timing and sequence of events as they appear in the book of 2 Kings is difficult to interpret. Emeritus Professor of Old Testament Scripture doesn’t tell us why Chedorlaomer started the war by attacking the hybrid giants or why the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah rushed to their aid, but we can safely assume that there was an alliance between the latter. "Sargon's accession prompted numerous uprisings throughout the empire. It seems to be a strategic move on the part of the four kings to catch the giants off guard with a surprise attack. Urartu, the Assyrian enemy to the north, revolted in 719 B.C. Nebuchadrezzar II had Babylon rebuilt and ruled for 43 years until his death in 562 BC. With the help of the Elamites, Babylon broke free from Assyrian control for twelve years. This dynasty was the very first native Akkadian-speaking south Mesopotamian dynasty to rule Babylon, and was to remain in power for some 125 years. The Old Testament - A Brief Overview The Assyrians. Northern Baptist Seminary. Even so, there were direct cultural bonds between Babylon and Ashur, capital of the Assyrian Empire, and the city was … This act of defiance was an open declaration of rebellion against Assyria. Piankhi’s policy was to unify Egypt and to extend Egypt’s control to Asia. The noise of people, the tread of cattle and sheep, the glad shouts of rejoicing, I banished from its fields. Thank you, Darlene. An item of controversy is the sequence of events related to Sennacherib’s campaign in 701 B.C. Clashes between the Elamites and the Assyrians had been ongoing for many years prior to 721 BC, the first recorded conflict between Elamites and Assyrians. These are the Semites. Dr. Claude Mariottini – Professor of Old Testament. hammer a city's wall with heavy wheeled siege towers and armored battering rams; dug tunnels to undermine the wall's foundations and caused them to collapse; Assyrian armies cut off supplies so that if the city didn't fall to them, then they would starve them into submission. With Elamite help, Merodach-baladan fought against Assyria until 702 when Sennacherib was able to subdue Babylon. The prophet Isaiah strongly opposed the revolt against Assyria (see Isaiah 20:1-4). They invented it because they needed a way to get fish in the middle of deep lakes and rivers. After a failed attack on Babylon in 655 BC, Elamite power soon began to collapse - at the river of Ulai in the plain of Susa, an Assyrian army assaulted strong Elamite defensive positions. In 721 BC, the Babylonians rebelled against Assyria and Elamite forces attempted to aid Babylon in her revolt. The Chaldeans (Kaldu to the Assyrians) are a sub-grouping of the Arameans who settled in the northwest (later capital at Damascus) and east (on the Assyrian border), southeast (Babylonia) and further southeast in the marshlands of the head of the Persian Gulf. My next post will deal with Sennacherib’s invasion and the siege of Jerusalem. In 1300 B.C., Mesopotamia invented the sailboat. Hezekiah faced a very difficult political situation in his days. Scholars have suggested that Hezekiah’s revolt against Assyria came as a result of his illness. In 648 BC, the Elamite city of Susa was razed to the ground; it was to be a terrible portent of events to come. List of female United States Air Force generals, Unclassified articles missing geocoordinate data, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Unknown, presumed equal at first before declining. In the end, however, Assyrian power seems… a. If you enjoyed reading this post, share it with others: click the “Like” button and then share it: Your email address will not be published. Belligerents Assyria ElamCommanders and leaders King EsarhaddonKing Assurbanipal King TeumannStrength Unknown Unknown, presumed equal at first before decliningCasualties and losses Unknown many civilians and soldiers The Fall of Elam refers to the conquest of the Elamite Kingdom in western Persia by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. This will have been the case especially in the areas longest attached to Assyria, that is, the later Achaemenid/Roman province of Athura/Syria and, of course, the Assyrian heartland itself. As indicated by verse 9, this apparently refers to Babylon. Israel experienced this as well: This verse describes how the Assyrians resettled in Israel various foreign peoples, mostly of Mesopotamian origin.This terse description l… Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria (c. 1244 - c. 1208 BCE) campaigned in the mountains north of Elam. Merodach-baladan had revolted against Assyria and regained his throne in Babylon. Babylon would be a powerful ally of Assyria for the next 80 years Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria campaigned in the mountains north of Elam in the latter part of the 13th century bc. (In Exodus 16:3 the Israelites complained that they did not have enough to eat.) The new king was the object of a new attack by Assurbanipal, who, after the battle of … At the height of its powers, say in the eighth century BC, the Assyrian army revealed features on which many of those of successor armies in other empires were to be modelled; some of them have come down to our own day. The defeats inflicted by Assyria on Elamite offensives were one of many problems facing the Elamites; civil war had erupted in the land, whilst her northern borders were being overrun by the Persians. While Isaiah was successful in stopping Hezekiah from revolting against Sargon during the Ashdod Rebellion in 714 B.C., he was unsuccessful in stopping Hezekiah from revolting against Sennacherib. He was replaced on the throne by Te-Umman (664-53 B.C.E.). He warned against the revolt by declaring that an alliance with Egypt would bring disaster to Judah: “Oh, rebellious children, says the LORD, who carry out a plan, but not mine; who make an alliance, but against my will, adding sin to sin; who set out to go down to Egypt without asking for my counsel, to take refuge in the protection of Pharaoh, and to seek shelter in the shadow of Egypt; Therefore the protection of Pharaoh shall become your shame, and the shelter in the shadow of Egypt your humiliation” (Isaiah 30:1-3 NRSV). The descendants of Shem spread geographically from Lydia to Syria, Assyria… In an effort to deprive the Assyrians of water, springs outside the city were blocked. Phrygia, a city in Asia Minor, and Carchemish, a Hittite city in North Syria, revolted against Assyria at this time. This post will address some of the political issues related to Hezekiah’s rebellion against Assyria. The Elamites were soundly beaten and the Elamite King himself beheaded whilst attempting to flee in his chariot. What do we know about the Edomites? During the early Bronze Age period Sargon of Akkad united all the native Semitic-speakers and the Sumerians of Mesopotamia (including the Assyrians) under the Akkadian Empire (2335–2154 … Assyrian policy in the Levant from the days of Tiglath-pileser III until its decline completely transformed Levantine societies. Sargon was killed in a battle and his death motivated several of the vassal nations to revolt against Assyrian domination. Assyria was now under the rule of the usurper Sargon II (722-705 B.C.). However, since Merodach-baladan was fighting against Sennacherib and Assyrian imperialism, it is possible that he wanted to enlist potential allies or at the very least promote diversionary rebellions to occupy Sennacherib’s attention which would then relieve Assyrian pressure from the Babylonian army. The Elamites under Kidin-Khutran, the second king after Untash-Gal, countered with a successful and devastating raid on Babylonia. Background. Scholars are not in agreement with the purpose of the Babylonian visit. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. After Sargon’s decisive demonstration of force, Hezekiah made no other overt act of rebellion against Assyria. The Old Assyrian Empire (2025–1750 BC): This era is the earliest period for which there are findings of a distinguished culture, different from that of southern Mesopotamia, thriving in the capital city of Ashur, settled on the Tigris River in present-day Iraq.Image below of the Old Assyrian Empire. The king of Assyria and his army encamped against the army of the king of Babylonia, which was stationed in Takrit, and did battle against them for ten days. ... Judah did not suffer any reprisal from Assyria. However, while Hezekiah continued paying the annual tribute, he quietly began his preparations for revolt. Following this event, the Assyrians and Elamites clashed on numerous occasions; at the Tigris in 717 BC, along the Elamite coast as part of an amphibious invasion in 694 BC, at the province of Der and again at the River Diyala in 693 BC (this may have been the same battle). Thank you for your nice words. Claude F. Mariottini Required fields are marked *. He deported 27,290 citizens of the Northern Kingdom to Assyria. Piankhi, an Ethiopian king, became king of Egypt. These preparations for a possible revolt included a concerted effort to arm Judah, to prepare for war, and to plan against a siege of Jerusalem. Ashdod withheld its tribute and other Philistine towns also rebelled. It has help me tremendous to under the question I’ve been looking for an answer to…Why did King Hezekiah, (what caused his motivation to) rebell against the Assyrian King all of a sudden? In 639 BC, Assurbanipal moved into Elam and proudly documented the vengeance against Elamite incursions: For a distance of a month and twenty-five days' journey I devastated the provinces of Elam. As part of their attempt to mix populations, the Assyrians sometimes settled the newly emptied lands with deportees from other parts of their empire. Egypt had political interests in this rebellion. The Elamites under Kidin-Khutran, the second king after Untash-Gal, countered with a successful and devastating raid on Babylonia. With the presence of Egypt in Asia, Assyrian vassals in Palestine turned to Egypt for help against Assyria. A number of these people groups spoke related languages in ancient times. When Sennacherib, Sargon’s son, ascended the throne, he immediately took steps to deal with vassal rebellion against his kingdom. Northern Baptist Seminary. I found it very useful on the political landscape of the levant during that period. Urartu, the Assyrian enemy to the north, revolted in 719 B.C. He was probably defeated, though each side claims victory. King Adad Nirari II ( ~ 912-891 BC) revived Assyria, re-conquering lost land and securing Assyria's borders. But the king of Assyria did not capture the city. Assyrian records provide supplementary information that helps determine what happened before, during, and after the invasion of Jerusalem. At the same time Sennacherib was fighting against Babylon, rebellion broke out in the west and it was into this situation that Judah was eventually drawn. In the end, however, Assyrian power seems to have been too great. With Elam destroyed, the Assyrians returned to find their Empire falling apart; years of war had destroyed their ability to wage it. These newly arrived Iranian peoples were also conquered by Assyria, and largely regarded as vassals of the Neo-Assyrian Empire until the late 7th century. Although the text is silent on Hezekiah’s decision, it is clear that he listened to Isaiah’s words and did not participate in the revolt for when Sargon crushed the revolt, Judah did not suffer any reprisal from Assyria. He does not seem to have been able to control his rather turbulent neighbours, and he was actually weak enough (from the Assyrian point of view) to return the gods of the kingdom of Aribi after he had led them captive to Assyria. Wild asses, gazelles and all kinds of beasts of the plain I caused to lie down among them, as if at home. Why did the Israelites not eat meat from their vast herds of animals? Why did powerful states like Assyria struggle to maintain their empires for more than a few decades? For many centuries before that the Elamites had made it a habit of intervening in Babylonian politics. Lurs carry Haplogroup R1B, J2, G as their main Y-DNA. For the most part, these battles were bloody and inconclusive - though the Assyrians were able to obtain the upper hand for the most part, demonstrated by the failure of the Elamites to extend their power beyond the boundaries of Mesopotamia. In the end, however, Assyrian power seems to have … He conquered Babylon, but did not plunder it. The Elamites did not remain in control of Babylonia long, and Marduk-kabit-ahheshu (1155-1139 BCE) established the Second Dynasty of Isin. It is possible that the real purpose of the Babylonian embassy was to gain Judah’s assistance in the Babylonian struggle against the Assyrian stronghold. In 705 the opportunity for rebellion against Assyria became a possibility. For many centuries before that, the Elamites had made it a habit of intervening in Babylonian politics. Were Israelites tired of the “evening meal of quail” or did God stop sending it? This action on the part of the Elamites, however, did not save the people from Assyrian vengeance, for Sennacherib invaded and ravaged the country from Ras to Bit-Burnaki. Hezekiah was tempted to join the alliance and may have discussed this possibility with Egypt since Isaiah says that Egypt sent ambassadors in what the prophet sarcastically called “vessels of papyrus” (Isaiah 18:1-2). In 720 he began to address these problems by engaging an alliance of Elamites and Babylonians at Der (Bedrai), eighty miles northeast of Babylon. According to the text, Isaiah walked around naked and barefoot to demonstrate what would happen to Egypt and Ethiopia and the foolishness of trusting in them for help. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The Assyrian Captivity. The Elamites under Kidin-Khutran, second king after Untash-Gal, countered with a successful and devastating raid on Babylonia. But peaceable relations with Assyria also deteriorated, and it was after a new Elamite attack on Mesopotamia that the king died. 2. As the Assyrians began their invasion, Hezekiah began preparations to protect Jerusalem. It was in the midst of this political upheaval that Merodach-baladan sent messengers to Hezekiah to congratulate him for recovering from his illness (2 Kings 20: 12-19; Isaiah 39:1-8). He asked if they could “go in the quiet of the night to destroy them.” … Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Clashes between the Elamites and the Assyrians had been ongoing for many years prior to 721 BC, the first recorded conflict between Elamites and Assyrians. Within 34 years of Elam's destruction, Assyria fell as an independent political entity in the Middle East forever. Although another Babylonian revolt saved Elam from immediate invasion, it would remain one of the most important objectives in the mind of the next and last Great Assyrian King; Assurbanipal. More details are known from the late 8th century BC, when the Elamites were allied with the Chaldean chieftain Merodach-baladan to defend the cause of Babylonian independence from Assyria. Now it is identified with the more broadly dispersed Arama… The story of the Assyrian siege is told in the Hebrew Bible books of Isaiah, Chronicles and Second Kings. With the help of the Elamites, Babylon broke free from Assyrian control for twelve years. The Fall of Elam refers to the conquest of the Elamite Kingdom in western Persia by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. For those reasons, cities were able to break away from Assyria… Really enjoyed it. Isaiah opposed this alliance with Egypt and called it “a covenant with death” (Isaiah 28:15). Hezekiah sent an embassy to Egypt asking for help. The history of the Assyrian people begins with the appearance of Akkadian speaking peoples in Mesopotamia at some point between 3500 and 3000 BC, followed by the formation of Assyria in the 25th century BC. 33. He did claim to have pacified Lebanon so that he could exploit its timber, and he invaded Egypt in 568 BC. Under Ahaz, Judah had become a protectorate of Assyria and paid tribute to their overlord every year. Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judaea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, Medes. Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria campaigned in the mountains north of Elam in the latter part of the 13th century bc. During his reign, all of Hezekiah’s actions, his political and economic reforms, and his alliances with Egypt were preparation for his revolt against Assyria. As discussed in a previous post, Hezekiah prepared for his revolt against Assyria by making weapons and setting combat commanders over the people, by preparing storehouses for the harvest, stalls for the animals, by rebuilding the broken walls of Jerusalem, by strengthening the Millo, and by making a water tunnel to bring water into Jerusalem. The Elamites were completely annihalated in 639 BC when their lands were finally ravaged beyond repair. When Hezekiah became king of Judah in 715 B.C., Assyria was the dominant power in the Ancient Near East. Since Hezekiah became very sick and was at the point of death (2 Kings 20:1), it is possible that he became too incapacitated to handle the duties of the kingdom and that his princes and nobles took the initiative to enter into this alliance with Egypt. A major contemporary rabbi in Israel known for his Neo-Chassidus recounts how he once asked his teacher to go to ancient idolatrous places, meaning the archeological remains of Phoenician and Canaanite worship, in the land of Israel to destroy them. He was under a lot of pressure to act against Assyria and in the end, he and the people of Judah paid dearly for his political decision. Phrygia, a city in Asia Minor, and Carchemish, a Hittite city in North Syria, revolted against Assyria at this time. Because of political instability in his empire, Sargon was unable to embark on any significant campaign into Palestine for several years following the fall of Samaria in 722 B.C. He claimed to have been a just king and to have suppressed bribery to please the god Marduk and better all peoples. Hez… Both the desire for political freedom from Assyria and the requirement of paying the annual tribute to Assyria were strong motivating factors that almost prompted Hezekiah to join this rebellion. in what is commonly known as the Ashdod Rebellion. Naturally this would have placed them in conflict with the Assyrians who saw Babylon as within their sphere of influence. Naturally this would have placed them in conflict with the Assyrians, who saw Babylon as within their sphere of influence. According to the Deuteronomic historian, sometime after Sargon’s death in 705 B. C., Hezekiah withheld his tribute from Assyria: “He rebelled against the king of Assyria, and would not serve him” (2 Kings 18:7). Your email address will not be published. The reign of Assyrian king Sennacherib (705-681 BCE) was chiefly characterized by his difficulties with Babylon.Throughout the history of the Assyrian Empire, Babylon had caused problems and had even been destroyed by the Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I in c. 1225 BCE. The Edomites were the descendants of the biblical Esau, who was the son of Isaac and grandson of Abraham. The Three Empires of Ancient Assyria. According to Sennacherib’s inscription, the people of Ekron deposed their king, who was loyal to the Assyrians, and delivered him to Hezekiah who kept him captive in Jerusalem. Professor of Old Testament 2 Kings 15:19 - "And Pul the king of Assyria came against Israel: and Menahem gave Pul a thousand talents of silver, that his hand might be with him to confirm the kingdom in his hand.". According to Assyrian documents, Judah, Edom, and Moab were invited to participate in the rebellion. He made a peace agreement with the king of Babylon, and each married the other's daughter to secure their agreement.
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