The changes could take several years to implement. When he found one that roughly matched, he asked how many bombs the SIOP "laid down" on that city. A president could only be stopped by mutiny, he explained, and more than one person would have to disobey the president's orders. As you read this please pray that Lucifer's Plans fail in starting this war. global strike, theater employment, deployment, and Operations Plan (OPLAN) 8010 (Strate-gic Deterrence and Global Strike). Detailed planning was carried out by the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff (JSTPS) co-located with SAC Headquarters in Omaha, Nebraska. (U) USSTRATCOM Sortie Data Manual (NATO). . :^7������uh_�������l�out�oe|�ouL>. [41] The ever-expanding target lists were split into classes of targets, with a wider range of plans matching strikes to political intentions from counterforce to countervalue, or any mix/withhold strategy to control escalation. In September that year a general proposed in a military journal that new weaponry might end a war quickly unlike World War II, and in October the Soviet Army held its first military exercise based on the enemy using atomic weapons. In January 1974 President Richard M. Nixon approved NSDM-242, intended to add more "limited employment options" to help manage escalation, to SIOP-63. [citation needed] All military personnel that participate in loading, arming, or firing weapons, as well as transmitting launch orders, are subject to the Personnel Reliability Program (PRP). (U) Releasable Joint Staff and USSTRATCOM OPLAN 8010 documents. AFCAT 37-140 can be obtained from the base or MAJCOM Information Collection and Reports (ICR)Manager. The following OPLAN 8010 and OPLAN 8010-related documents, The British never made them nuclear-capable,[53]:32[56][58] and the RAF refused the US's request for SAC's complete targeting control over the sophisticated British-built V bombers which began deploying in 1955. [13] It and later plans such as HALFMOON (May 1948; 50 bombs on 20 cities) and OFFTACKLE (December 1949; 104 urban targets, 220 bombs, 72 more reserved for follow-up attacks) envisioned Western forces in Europe slowly retreating while the United Kingdom was reinforced as an air base for atomic attacks on the Soviet Union. [16], By this time, Truman was pessimistic about international arms control and told his advisors "Since we can't obtain international control we must be strongest in atomic weapons." To increase NATO participation in US nuclear force planning in support ofthealliance,representationwasestab-lished at US Strategic Command General The uncertainly of future calamity at the onset of rainy season should be anticipated with particular focus on … Economic and industrial centers. This document established a more detailed and elaborate set of goals and conditions that included targeting and damage criteria for the use of nuclear weapons. The first was part of a UK-only retaliatory response to a nuclear attack, whether a full strategic strike, or a limited tactical strike. … of Type Designation deployed deployed (km)a x yield warheads Strategic forces 2 202 Bombersb 113/60 500 B-52H Stratofortress 93/44 1961 16 000 ALCM 5–150 kt 350c B-2 Spirit 20/16 1994 11 000 B61-7, -11, 150d By the late 1960s they moved to a war strategy that lessened the dependence on nuclear weapons, resembling the West's flexible response. We went all through their briefings, computers, top secret rooms and so forth". planÑcalled Operations Plan (OPLAN) 8010 Strategic Deterrence and Global StrikeÑcontinued in 2010, along with the maintenance of regional strike plans in support of NATO and other allies. [41] By 1982, SIOP-5 contained more than 40,000 possible targets in four categories:[19], Whether Soviet military doctrine recognized the difference between counterforce and a general attack was unknown. Studies began in 1972–1973 to provide more flexibility for the use of American nuclear weapons. The arsenal is com-posed of roughly 1,950 strategic warheads deployed on 798 strategic delivery vehicles, as well as nearly 200 As the orders go down the chain of command, always subject to the two-man rule, intermediate headquarters, and eventually the nuclear delivery platforms themselves, will receive Emergency Action Messages (EAM) to arm or launch weapons. The National Security Archive commentary reports that Shoup asked USAF/SAC Commander Thomas Power "...what would happen if Beijing was not fighting; was there an option to leave Chinese targets out of the attack plan?" On 1 March 2003, the SIOP was renamed "OPLAN 8022", and later CONPLAN (contingency plan) 8022. [27][28] Thomas Gates, who succeeded McElroy, asked President Dwight D. Eisenhower to decide the policy.[29]. Six OPLAN 8010 Adversaries This chart from a STRATCOM OPLAN 8010 briefing held in 2008 reveals that the strategic war plan includes a family of nuclear and non-nuclear strike plans directed against six potential adversaries. [11] A 1951 Warsaw Pact war plan for Poland was, Vojtech Mastny wrote, "unequivocally defensive" even while "NATO was haunted by the nightmare of armed communist hordes sweeping all but unopposed through Europe". Local host and/or tenant agreements or inter- In addition, it replaces the current printer which has reached the end of life-cycle and is having significant sustainability issues. Year first Range Warheads No. JCS proposed in 1947 that the president be authorized to use atomic bombs to prevent a nuclear attack. .12 ... OPLAN Operations Plan PPD Presidential Policy Directive SIOP Single Integrated Operational Plan Britain's goal of an independent deterrent aimed at Soviet cities was so important that, when it offered to place the V Bombers under SACEUR authority in 1953 in exchange for American financial aid to purchase new fighters, it refused to agree to them being used in a tactical role against Soviet targets in Europe. Reduced collateral damage was another benefit of this "withhold" method. ICR Managers are assigned to the Information Management (IM) function. The planning process began with the President issuing a presidential directive establishing the concepts, goal, and guidelines that provided guidance to the nuclear planners. The following OPLAN 8010 and OPLAN 80 10 … In the letter to the head of the Atomic Energy Commission, Lewis Strauss, Moore noted that the Pentagon "rigorously suppressed" this study and destroyed all copies.[22]. Examples: Command posts, communications facilities. For most modern weapons, the EAM will also include codes for Permissive Action Links (PAL). b. As the Defence Council stated in 1980,[59], our force has to be visibly capable of making a massive strike on its own ... We need to convince Soviet leaders that even if they thought ... the US would hold back, the British force could still inflict a blow so destructive that the penalty for aggression would have proved too high. ��&��S��µ�� v�ԑ�f�N}S�ё�Qb"-n���B]���9�a둿�F�Ѧ�6�6�b�=0�Ͷ譨��6J�?SZ�k6r,��? [13] LeMay stated in a 1988 interview that[20], [t]here was a time in the 1950s when we could have won a war against Russia. [17][13], The document formalized efforts begun under Truman to deploy newly developed tactical nuclear weapons small enough for most Air Force and Navy planes. Home; Politica; Mondo. The SIOP was a highly classified document, and was one of the most secret and sensitive issues in U.S. national security policy. [13], Officials were pessimistic about the effectiveness of the atomic plans, however. Weapons Systems Evaluation Group stated in February 1955 that destroying all known Soviet bases would require twice as large a force as the United States expected to field. Most weapons have additional arming circuitry that, even if a valid launch code is entered, will not arm the warhead unless the weapon senses that it has been released on an expected delivery path. [39], During 1961–1962, the Kennedy administration revised this plan as supervised by McNamara. Hans M. Kristensen, ‘‘Obama and the nuclear He recommended that targets be chosen based on analysis of the results of their destruction, and that "city-avoidance" strategies be studied. [31] The execution of SIOP-62 was estimated to result in 285 million dead and 40 million casualties in the Soviet Union and China. The gambit backfired, however; despite their initial optimism the Communists were unable to defeat the US-led forces in Korea, and the war greatly increased Western military spending, for the first time making NATO a significant threat against the Soviets in Europe. From Counterforce to minimal deterrence.pdf. He aimed to change the doctrine from massive retaliation to flexible response. Power was reported to have said that he hoped no one would think of that "because it would really screw up the plan"—that is, the plan was supposed to be executed as a whole. The plan contemplated the possibility that options 1 and 2 be used to prevent an "impending major Sino-Soviet Bloc attack upon the U.S. or its allies". US nuclear forces, January 2009 No. For example, the first steps of the final arming process for a ballistic missile depend on physical characteristics of the weapon release, such as the acceleration of a rocket launch, zero-gravity coasting, and various physical aspects of hypersonic reentry into the atmosphere. Nine weapons were to be "laid down" on four targets in Leningrad, 23 weapons on six target complexes in Moscow, 18 on seven target areas in Kaliningrad, etc. USSTRATCOM OPLAN 8010 Directives. Full stop," says the Arms Control Association's Kingston Reif. We recently discussed the update of CONPLAN 8010-09 to 8010-09. Global Strike plans are codified in CONPLAN 8044.[46]. configuration, and capabilities that handle OPLAN 8010 (reference d) information. of global strike: air bridge, OPLAN 8010, and national reserve. !HD�t� ��|q���8�E�Η@}���p�7J��z{�=��7�9з������XS�~J�a� h��W[s�6�+z�L�$˒ew������e m:exp�I�v�E���=������K��9�ѹ�;�|@d&X�$�%�Z�2iB���Q���"���$D��$�$L�"�B !>�A�_d�?a�����N�`��ż\��#�7�;��w�|X����V�{:��I\�`P�-�t��N�0� �G(0�?���n�>g�_�ٚ�1��d�qb�/�������Xw42���c�2��]o��&]g�e�l�-V��_�5zEQZ��G�����,2��������M�C�� �%�*t��{,�~}�x�o.q��\��-�����Ħ6�����:����՜�%�y�|��O�E�䃬v�����2}�X��$���ez���|p�*�3��U��zr����]e�q�J�S�]�+@�p��fryK.���Ο\�h���(!�Ȧ�|�+�����W��AE���ٖk�[ӃR1u�[�!�u7���E��r?��ʞ?�kXl��0y`Pza���11�/Ejx��H����$�9������/R>Gi�9o �R��@�! Thus, our analysis modeled requirements and Individual countries or regions can be included in or withheld from nuclear attacks depending on circumstances. US Nuclear War Plan Updated Amidst Nuclear Policy Review - … If the NCA decides that the United States must launch nuclear weapons, the decision is communicated to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) and through him to the National Military Command Center (often called the "war room") via the Presidential Emergency Satchel, informally referred to as the "football." 'nle short title is CDRUSSTRATCOM OPLAN 8010-08. For every CONPLAN there mus the an OPLAN. The first plan, following the White House policy guidance, was developed in 1960, consisting of a list of targets (the National Strategic Target List, or NSTL) and the assets to be used against each target. In 1958, George Kistiakowsky, a key Manhattan Project scientist and Science Advisor in the Eisenhower Administration, suggested to the President that inspection of foreign military facilities was not sufficient to control their nuclear weapons. While the United States was the only nation with the atomic bomb, in 1946 it had only 17 Silverplate B-29 bombers and 11 atomic bombs. JTF CS 101 Brief NORTHCOM Contingency Plans Unclassified / For Official Use Only-CS 101 Brief • N-NC Theater Campaign Plan (TCP) • CONPLAN 3400 HD (Classified Plan) • Approved / Completed Plan • Plan not approved yet CO 3 00 (C ass ed a ) • CONPLAN 3501 DSCA • CONPLAN 3500 CBRNE CM Operations • CONPLAN 3591 Pandemic Influenza (Regional)CONPLAN 3591 Pandemic Influenza (Regional) While the Soviets were catching up to the Americans' strategic nuclear weapons, NATO was catching up to the Warsaw Pact's conventional forces, in part with tactical nuclear weapons. 3) It caused the Joint Chiefs of Staff to, in fall 1949, assign SAC with the duty of slowing a Soviet invasion of Western Europe as part of NATO. Although these three missions [11], Strategic bombing during World War II of key transportation and energy sites was more effective than attacking cities, and early postwar non-nuclear war plans envisioned focusing on the Soviet petroleum industry. Apparently, Shoup then observed that "any plan that kills millions of Chinese when it isn't even their war is not a good plan. From Counterforce to Minimal Deterrence: A New Nuclear Policy on the Path Toward Eliminating Nuclear Weapons Hans M. Kristensen Robert S. Norris Ivan Oelrich Occasional Paper No. [11], By the 1950s, around 5,500 targets were listed to receive SAC bomber strikes; these targets consisted primarily of industrial sites but included counterforce targets. By the end of 1948, several British bases were atomic-capable or were close to being so, but the ability to fight an atomic war from Britain did not exist until April 1949 when Silverplate B-29 bombers began rotating through the bases,[12] and no American atomic weapons were present in Britain until 1952. Instead of one "spasm" attack, it proposed five escalating attack options:[19], Many smaller target options were also created for possible use. The final stage in the planning process occurred when the Strategic Air Command (SAC) (from 1961 to 1992) or the United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) (from 1992 to 2003) took the guidance from the JSCP and created the actual nuclear war plan that becomes the SIOP. 7 … Warsaw Pact plans continued to assume, however, that NATO would make a surprise attack which it would repulse into the west; the East Germans even prepared occupation currency and new street signs.[16]. This page was last edited on 2 March 2021, at 18:12. plans developed under OPLAN 8010 (formerly the Single Integrated Operational Plan). [12] Other than increasing its anti-aircraft defenses, the Soviets did not change its military preparations in any way during the blockade, unlike the reaction in the West. Nuclear Notebook: United States nuclear weapons, 2021 - Bulletin … The United States should utilize all requisite force against selected targets in the USSR—and as necessary in Communist China, European Bloc and non-European bloc countries—to attain the above objectives. 691 0 obj
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While Twining had sent the memo to McElroy, the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff disagreed on the policy during early 1960. Plans in 1946 and 1948 assumed that during war with an unspecified enemy, Soviet forces in Germany would assume defensive positions within the Soviet occupation zone and wait for reinforcements before counterattacking. The target panel agreed to have SAC review future target lists before sending them to JCS. 10121 and Map of San Simon (not draw to scale) Hazard Map I. In January 1950, he approved Kim Il Sung's proposal to conquer South Korea in what became the Korean War that summer, believing that victory there would discredit NATO. ��t棌�[{'2I2�b� �)gΪ͍�[�#�C"�+�����xa����o������;����QfW0�� �~3���*V0 �f��
[13], By the end of 1953, SAC would have 1,000 nuclear-capable bombers and was deploying the B-47 jet bomber. Control Symbol (RCS) Reports). Military targets in Bloc countries other than the USSR and Communist China will be attacked as necessary. The Royal Navy's contribution to the SIOP was small. OPLAN 8044 and OPLAN 8010 are both successor plans to the Single Integrated Operational Plan, the general plan for nuclear war from 1961 to 2003. The number of targets in the NTB varied over time, from 16,000 in 1985 to 12,500 at the end of the Cold War in 1991, to 2,500 by 2001. The degree of cooperation was such by the Cuban Missile Crisis that RAF officers visiting SAC headquarters in Nebraska reported being "treated just like Americans. This apparently includes China, Iran, North Korea, Russia, Syria, and a 9/11-type scenario. Control Symbol (RCS) Reports). Hints about the conclusions come from the January 2012 defense strategy that concluded: ÒIt is possible that our deterrence goals can be achieved with a smaller nuclear force, which would reduce the number of nuclear weapons 12G MCO 8010.12A N4/CMC (ASL) 23 Oct 07 OPNAV INSTRUCTION 8010.12G MARINE CORPS ORDER INSTRUCTION 8010.12A ... OPLAN/CONPLAN revisions. Military and political centers. -f8t-'nle long title of this plan is CDRUSSTRATCOM OPLAN 8010-08, Global Deterrence and Strike. The others are believed to be Iran, North Korea, and Syria with the sixth unknown. Inside the football is a black book listing a menu of strike options and "The Biscuit," a 3-by-5-inch card with authentication codes for the president to confirm his identity. Eisenhower preferred to avoid civilian targets, and by 1954 several Air Force planners advocated a "no-cities" strategy. Discussion during the development of an OPLAN 8010 nuclear attack structure and its integral documents will be governed by the guidance provided in this instruction. (OPLAN) 8010-08 Global Deterrence and Strike, a new strategic war plan put into effect on February 1, 2008. c. The host Military Department or agency will provide Internet protocol router and application layer message handling services (e.g., DMS) to tenants on base, post, camp, or station. At the same time as the early nuclear arms control work, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Nathan F. Twining, USAF, sent a memorandum[26] in August 1959, to the Secretary of Defense, Neil McElroy, which suggested that the Strategic Air Command be formally assigned responsibility to prepare the national nuclear target list, and a single plan for nuclear operations. One 1951 estimate foresaw 175 combat divisions allegedly prepared to simultaneously attack Western Europe, the United Kingdom, the Balkans, the Middle East, and North America. Its Basic War Plan of March 1954 planned for up to 735 bombers to simultaneously and massively attack all targets, military and urban, in the USSR. Eisenhower sent Kistiakowsky to Strategic Air Command headquarters where he was, at first, rebuffed. [11] The perceived imbalance in forces was so great that American planners feared that even Britain would have to be abandoned during the invasion, a possibility they did not discuss with their British counterparts. [59], While current United Kingdom's nuclear forces—four Trident Vanguard-class submarines—are strictly under UK national control, they had two distinct roles under the SIOP. endstream
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A gravity bomb dropped from an aircraft will detect the altitude of release and the decreasing altitude as it falls. [5], While much of the United States' nuclear war planning process remains classified, some information on the former SIOP planning process has been made public. Brodie presented his report in April 1951, but JCS found SAC head LeMay more persuasive. Any of these letters may be followed with one or more control markings (e.g., EYES ONLY, HANDLE THROUGH COMINT CHANNELS ONLY) or code words/nicknames (e.g., UMBRA, POLO STEP), multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles, use atomic bombs to prevent a nuclear attack, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Alternate National Military Command Center, The Cuban Missile Crisis: Second Holocaust, Nuclear utilization target selection (NUTS), "US Nuclear War Plan Updated Amidst Nuclear Policy Review", "History of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff: Background and Preparation of SIOP-62", "NATO in the Beholder's Eye: Soviet Perceptions and Policies, 1949–56", "Taking Lyon on the Ninth Day? "[40], By the mid-1960s both sides had much more accurate understanding of the opposition's forces. Similarly, the Soviet doctrine of non-atomic warfare began to change after Stalin's death in March 1953. [48] Additionally, the message will go to the Alternate National Military Command Center (ANMCC),[49] located in Raven Rock Mountain, Pennsylvania, and also to an airborne command post, either the presidential National Airborne Operations Center (NAOC) or the military E-6 Mercury Looking Glass. The targets themselves were pulled from the Bombing Encyclopedia, which listed over 80,000 targets of interest. Brodie later recalled that "There was no calculated strategy for destroying Soviet capability to make war. . Although Soviet doctrine incorporated an assumption of innate hostility of the capitalist powers to Communism, Soviet leader Josef Stalin apparently believed that neither the USSR nor the West could afford to fight another world war, and was skeptical of the Western ability to raise an army large enough to occupy Soviet territory. SIOP, and its renamed successors, is most importantly an "integrated" plan that uses both Air Force and Navy delivery systems; it is "single" only in the sense that it comes out of one planning group. c. The host Military Department or agency will provide Internet protocol router and application layer message handling services (e.g., DMS) to tenants on base, post, camp, or station. A committee led by General Hubert R. Harmon reported in May 1949 that even if all precisely hit their targets, the USSR would not surrender, its leadership would not be seriously weakened, and its military could still operate in Western Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.