After Constantine impudently cabled: "The army will not march on Thessaloniki. In 1912 with the formation of the Balkan League, Greece was ready for war against the Ottoman empire and Prince Constantine became Chief of the Hellenic Army. Constantine died in exile four months later, in Sicily. King George I (1863-1913), Constantine I, Alexander I, George II, Paul and Constantine II ruled from 1863 to 1974. Venizelos was fervently pro-Entente, having established excellent rapport with the British and French, and was convinced that German aggression had caused the war. In August 1916, a military coup broke out in Thessaloniki by Venizelist officers. After his restoration on the Greek throne, George II organized the repatriation of the remains of members of his family who died in exile. Sophie van Pruisen. Although injured in the escape, the king and his family managed to flee to safety. 1915-03-06 Greek King Constantine I fires premier Venizelos; 1917-06-11 King Alexander assumes the throne of Greece after his father Constantine I abdicates under pressure by allied armies occupying Athens; 1920-12-19 King Constantine I is restored as King of the Hellenes after the death of his son Alexander I of Greece and a plebiscite. Constantine I, King of the Hellenes from 1913-1917 and from 1920-1922. [Abbott, G.F. (1922) 'Greece and the Allies 1914–1922']. Admiral Mark Kerr, who was Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Hellenic Navy in the early part of World War I and later Commander-in-Chief of the British Adriatic Squadron, supported the Allied cause, but was sympathetic to the King, personally. On the initiative of Prime Minister Venizelos, Constantine was also awarded the rank and baton of a Field Marshal. ...Of Greece And Denmark (Schleswig-holstein, Glücksburg), Aleksandra Of Greece And Denmark (born Schleswig-holstein, Glücksburg), Nicholaos... Patra, Dytiki Ellada, Peloponnisos Dytiki Ellada ke Ionio, Greece, Danish: Konstantin I af Grækenland og Danmark von Glücksborg (Schleswig- Holstein, Glücksborg) Konge af Grækenland, German: Konstantin l. von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, König von Griechenland, Olga Constantinovna Constantinovna, Grand Duchess, Queen Consort of the Hellenes, Sophia Dorothea Ulrike Alice of Prussia, Queen consort of the Hellenes, Alexander Schleswig-Holstein, I, King of the Hellenes, Helen Carol Grækenland, Queen Consort of Romania, Alexandra Georgievna Grand Duchess of Russia, Christophe de Grèce, prince de Grèce et de Danemark, Konstantin I (Schleswig-holstein Glücksburg Schleswig- Holstein, Glüksborg) Of Greece and Denmark (Schleswig-Holstein Glücksburg Schleswig- Holstein, Glüksborg), Birth of Konstantínos I (King of the Greeks). In March 1916, in an effort to increase his prestige, Constantine declared the official annexation of Northern Epirus, which was controlled by the Greeks since 1914, but the Greek forces were driven from the area by the Italians and French during the next year. Constantine forced Venizelos to resign twice, but in 1917 he left Greece, after threats of the Entente forces to bombard Athens; his second son, Alexander, became king. On the day of his baptism, his father issued a Royal Decree granting him the additional title of Duke of Sparta;[13] however, this title was used only outside of Greece. The royal governments of Constantine in Athens continued to negotiate with the Allies a possible entry in the war. Research the of Greece and Denmark family, George I Schleswig-holstein-sonderburg-glücksburg, Olga Constantinovna (born Holstein-gottorp Romanov Romanov). The current King of Spain (Philip VI) was the grandson of Greek King Paul I (1947-1964). Constantine's insistence on neutrality, however, was based more on his judgement that it was the best policy for Greece, rather than venal self-interest or his German dynastic connections. In July 1916, arsonists set fire to the forest surrounding the summer palace at Tatoi. Constantine II (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Βʹ, Βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων, Konstantínos Βʹ, Vasiléfs ton Ellínon; born 2 June 1940) was King of the Hellenes from 1964 until the abolition of the monarchy in 1973, the sixth and last monarch of the Greek Royal Family.. In the aftermath of the victorious Balkan Wars, Greece was in a state of euphoria. As the ceremonial cannon on Lycabettus Hill fired the royal salute, huge crowds gathered outside the Palace shouting what they thought should rightfully be the newborn prince's name: "Constantine". In the following elections Trikoupis was defeated, and the new Prime Minister, Theodoros Deligiannis, seeking to downplay hostility between government and the Palace, regarded the matter closed.[2]. King George I of the Hellenes. George I was assassinated in Thessaloniki by an anarchist, Alexandros Schinas, on 18 March 1913, and Constantine succeeded to the throne. He led the Army of Thessaly to victory at Sarantaporos. Although Venizelos, with Allied support, forced Constantine from the Greek throne in 1917 he remained popular with parts of the Greek people, as shown by the vote for his return in the December 1920 plebiscite. Venizelos was fervently pro-Entente, having established excellent rapport with the British and French, and was convinced that German aggression had caused the war and that the Allies would quickly win the war. In the meantime, tensions between the Balkan allies grew, as Bulgaria claimed Greek and Serbian-occupied territory. Venizelos, on the other hand, demanded that the army capture the strategic port city of Thessaloniki, the capital of Macedonia, with extreme haste, so as to prevent its fall to the Bulgarians. He was commander-in-chief of the Hellenic Army during the unsuccessful Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and led the Greek forces during the successful Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, in which Greece expanded to include Thessaloniki, doubling in area and population. What was left unsaid was that the royal princes' commands were to be on a very tight leash. Constantine I (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Αʹ, Konstantínos I; 2 August [O.S. With operations in Macedonia complete, Constantine transferred the bulk of his forces to Epirus, and assumed command. Both Venizelos and Constantine were keenly aware that a maritime country like Greece could not, and should not, antagonise the Entente, the dominant naval powers in the Mediterranean. The inherited, ongoing Asia Minor Campaign against Turkey began with initial successes in western Anatolia against the Turks. Constantine settled on a policy of neutrality because it seemed the path that best assured that Greece would emerge from the World War intact and with the substantial territorial gains it had won in the recent Balkan Wars. SNAC is a discovery service for persons, families, and organizations found within archival collections at cultural heritage institutions. An additional nickname adopted mainly by the royalists for Constantine was "the son of the eagle" (ο γιός του αητού). With Allied support, the revolutionary government of Venizelos gained control of half the country – significantly, most of the "New Lands" won during the Balkan Wars. Constantine then offended also the British and French by blocking popular efforts by Prime Minister Venizelos to bring Greece into the war on the side of the Allies. Coubertin assured that "the King and the Crown Prince will confer their patronage on the holding of these Games." Following an army revolt, Constantine abdicated the throne again on 27 September 1922 and was succeeded by his eldest son, George II. Born on 2 August 1868 in Athens, Constantine was the eldest son of King George I and Queen Olga. Constantine was accused also by his Venizelist opponents for secret discussions and correspondence with the Central Powers. In the meantime, operations in the Epirus front had stalled: against the rough terrain and Ottoman fortifications at Bizani, the small Greek force could not make any headway. Constantine's body was buried at the royal burial ground at Tatoi Palace, where he still rests today. Once an armistice was declared, then facts on the ground would be the starting point of negotiations for the final drawing of the new borders in a forthcoming peace treaty. The flames spread quickly in the dry summer heat, and sixteen people were killed. The Kingdom of Greece was ruled by the House of Wittelsbach between 1832 and 1862 and by the House of Glücksburg from 1862 to 1924, temporarily abolished during the Second Hellenic Republic, and from 1935 to 1973, when it was once more abolished and replaced by the Third Hellenic Republic. His birth was met with an immense wave of enthusiasm: the new heir apparent to the throne was the first Greek-born member of the family. In its aftermath, the popularity of the monarchy fell, and calls were raised in the army for reforms and the dismissal of the royal princes, and especially Constantine, from their command posts in the armed forces. Michalopoulos, Dimitris, "Constantine XII, King of the Hellenes. HM Harald V's 2-Great Uncle. Social Networks and Archival Context. Constantine later conferred more than that; he eagerly assumed the presidency of the 1896 organizing committee. At this point, his first clash with Venizelos occurred, as Constantine desired to press north, towards Monastir, where the bulk of the Ottoman army lay, and where the Greeks would rendezvous their Serb allies. With the vital port firmly in Greek hands, all the other allies could hope for was a customs-free dock in the harbor.[6]. He was the "winner over the Bulgarians", the King who under his military commandment, doubled the Greek territory. As Prime Minister and War Minister, he outranked Constantine and his response was famously three-words-long, a crisp military order to be obeyed forthwith: "I forbid you". After graduation he was sent to Berlin for further military education, and served in the German Imperial Guard. There, Venizelos established a provisional revolutionary government, which declared war on the Central Powers. In 1863, at just 17 years old, he was elected unanimously by the Greek National Assembly as King of the Hellenes, replacing King Otto who had been deposed to previous year. An important religious ceremony that brought together, for six days in November 1936, all members of the royal family still alive. Turkey would be slow to mobilize, and even when the masses of troops raised in Asia were ready, they were able to go no further than the outskirts of Constantinople, fighting the Bulgarians in brutal trench warfare. King George I of the Hellenes was born Prince Christian Vilhelm Ferdinand Adolf Georg of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, on December 24, 1845, at the Yellow Palace in Copenhagen. On 16 June, the Bulgarian army attacked their erstwhile allies, but were soon halted. This is probably the best available histories of the modern Greek monarchy. King George I (1863-1913), Constantine I, Alexander I, George II, Paul and Constantine II ruled from 1863 to 1974. King Constantine I of the Hellenes. The most prominent university professors of the time were handpicked to tutor the young Crown Prince: Ioannis Pantazidis taught him Greek literature; Vasileios Lakonas mathematics and physics; and Constantine Paparrigopoulos history, infusing the young prince with the principles of the Megali Idea. Known as Vilhelm, he was the son of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (later King Christian IX) and Princess Luise of Hesse-Kassel. In its aftermath, the popularity of the monarchy fell, and calls were raised in the army for reforms and the dismissal of the royal princes, and especially Constantine, from their command posts in the armed forces. In 1890 he became a Major General, and assumed command of the 3rd Army Headquarters (Γʹ Αρχηγείον Στρατού) in Athens. Coubertin assured that "the King and the Crown Prince will confer their patronage on the holding of these Games." In the popular culture, the slogan of the royalists "psomí, elia ke Kotso Vasiliá" ("bread, olives and Constantine King") still survives. Constantine became so the most hated person for the Allies after his best man Kaiser Wilhelm. Sophie, Constantine's queen, was popularly thought to support her brother Kaiser Wilhelm, but it seems that she was actually pro-British[citation needed]; like her father the late Kaiser Frederick, Sophie was influenced by her mother, the British-born Victoria[citation needed]. However, an ill-conceived plan to capture Kemal's new capital of Ankara, located deep in barren Anatolia, where there was no significant Greek population, succeeded only in its initial stages. [citation needed]. In January 1915, the Entente made proposals to both Bulgaria and Greece to side with it. Despite the popularity of Venizelos and his clear majority in Parliament for supporting the Allies, Constantine opposed Venizelos. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. Previously the Inspector General of the Army, Constantine was appointed commander-in-chief of the Greek "Army of Thessaly" when the First Balkan War broke out in October 1912. After graduation he was sent to Berlin for further military education, and served in the German Imperial Guard. In the meantime, tensions between the Balkan allies grew, as Bulgaria claimed Greek and Serbian-occupied territory. In the face of Venizelist and Anglo-French pressure, King Constantine finally left the country for Switzerland on 11 June 1917; his second-born son Alexander became king in his place. The Greeks initially met with disorganized opposition. This state of affairs was not to last, however. Her territory and population had doubled with the massive liberation of Greeks from Ottoman rule and, under the dual leadership of Constantine and Venizelos, her future seemed bright. The dispute resulted in a heated exchange of telegrams. Constantine did rebuff Kaiser Wilhelm who in 1914 pressed him to bring Greece into the war on the side of Austria and Germany. He rejected the early appeal from Kaiser Wilhelm that Greece should march on the side of Germany and stated that Greece would remain neutral. George I was assassinated in Thessaloniki by an anarchist, Alexandros Schinas, on 18 March 1913, and Constantine succeeded to the throne. The simmering dissent culminated in the Goudi coup in August 1909. The Ottomans would be slow to mobilize, and even when the masses of troops raised in Asia were ready, they were able to go no further than the outskirts of Constantinople, fighting the Bulgarians in brutal trench warfare. An outline of his personality and times", Head of states appointed by military regime are denoted by an asterisk *, This page was last edited on 1 March 2021, at 00:55. At the same time the bulk of the Greek infantry and artillery made a rapid advance against the Turks in the east. 21 July] 1868 – 11 January 1923) was King of Greece from 18 March 1913 to 11 June 1917 and from 19 December 1920 to 27 September 1922. (Vasileōs Kōnstantinou) Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. However Constantine had been ill with pleurisy since the Balkan wars and almost died during the summer of 1915. In the meantime, operations in the Epirus front had stalled: against the rough terrain and Ottoman fortifications at Bizani, the small Greek force could not make any headway. They accordingly allotted their resources, equally divided, in a defensive posture to fortify the approaches to Ioannina, capital of Epirus, and the mountain passes leading from Thessaly to Macedonia. With Allied support, the revolutionary government of Venizelos gained control of half the country – significantly, most of the "New Lands" won during the Balkan Wars. The organization of the first modern Olympics in Athens was another issue which caused a Constantine-Trikoupis confrontation, with Trikoupis opposed to hosting the Games. As Crown Prince of Greece, Constantine married Princess Sophia of Prussia, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria and sister of Kaiser Wilhelm II, on 27 October 1889 in Athens. Doing justice to King Constantine I of the Hellenes There seem to be many misconceptions or outright myths regarding King Constantine I of the Hellenes and the consequences of his reign and especially his restoration in 1920, so I decided to make this post with the assistance of a historian acquintance of mine who specialized on royal history and modern Greek history. When Bulgaria attacked Serbia, with whom Greece had a treaty of alliance, Venizelos again urged the King to allow Greece's entry into the war, and permitted Entente forces to disembark in Thessaloniki in preparation for a common campaign over the King's objections. Constantine I, King of the Hellenes, 1868-1923 Title ; Close. My duty calls me towards Monastir, unless you forbid me", Venizelos was forced to pull rank. The Allied Powers were opposed to Constantine's first born son George becoming king, as he had served in the German army before the war and like his father was thought to be a Germanophile. Prime Minister Charilaos Trikoupis asked the King to recommend that his son avoid such interventions in politics without prior consultation with the government. With the Bulgarians directing the bulk of their force towards Constantinople, the capture of Thessaloniki would ensure that the railway axis between these two main cities was lost to the Turks, causing loss of logistics and supplies and severe impairment of command and control capability. Constantine also studied political science and business in Heidelberg and Leipzig. Constantine's insistence on neutrality, according to him and his supporters, was based more on his judgement that it was the best policy for Greece, rather than venal self-interest or his German dynastic connections, as he was accused by the Venizelists. The Turks would be hard placed to recruit locals, as their loyalties would be liable to lie with the Balkan Allies. Although Venizelos, with Allied support, forced Constantine to leave the throne in 1917, he remained popular with parts of the Greek people (as shown by the vote for his return in the December 1920 plebiscite), who saw the Allied actions as a violation of sovereignty of Greece. With the Bulgarians directing the bulk of their force towards Constantinople, the capture of Thessaloniki would ensure that the railway axis between these two main cities was lost to the Turks, causing loss of logistics and supplies and severe impairment of command and control capability. Zofia Hohenzollern. He wrote in 1920: "The persecution of King Constantine by the press of the Allied countries, with some few good exceptions, has been one of the most tragic affairs since the Dreyfus case." The Greek plan for overwhelming attack and speedy advance hinged upon another factor: should the Greek Navy succeed in blockading the Turkish fleet within the Straits, any Turkish reinforcements from Asia would have no way of quickly reaching Europe. He died a few days later. The war plan by Venizelos and the Greek General Staff called for a rapid advance with overwhelming force towards Thessaloniki with its important harbor. His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Greece, Princ... Baptism of Konstantínos I (King of the Greeks). He was appointed regent in 1964 and succeeded to the throne the same year on the death of his father. When World War I broke out, Constantine was faced with the difficulty of determining where Greece's support lay. The dispute resulted in a heated exchange of telegrams. They had six children. [citation needed]. Eventually only Serbia achieved such status, which was rescinded after 1945. Constantine I (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Αʹ, Konstantínos I; 2 August [O.S. King Alexander died on 25 October 1920, after a freak accident: he was strolling with his dogs in the royal menagerie, when they attacked a monkey. In the event, the Greek plan worked well. 18th September 1964: King Constantine II of the Hellenes and Queen Anne-Marie of the Hellenes, (aged 18), nee Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark, at the head of their wedding procession in Athens, where the jubilant crowd rains coloured papers on them. In autumn 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and attacked Serbia, with which Greece had a treaty of alliance. Constantine was the commander-in-chief of the Army of Thessaly in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, which ended in a humiliating defeat.
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